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.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "integer 3"
.TH integer 3 "2002-11-24" "perl v5.8.0" "Perl Programmers Reference Guide"
.SH "NAME"
integer \- Perl pragma to use integer arithmetic instead of floating point
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
.Vb 3
\& use integer;
\& $x = 10/3;
\& # $x is now 3, not 3.33333333333333333
.Ve
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
This tells the compiler to use integer operations from here to the end
of the enclosing \s-1BLOCK\s0. On many machines, this doesn't matter a great
deal for most computations, but on those without floating point
hardware, it can make a big difference in performance.
.PP
Note that this only affects how most of the arithmetic and relational
\&\fBoperators\fR handle their operands and results, and \fBnot\fR how all
numbers everywhere are treated. Specifically, \f(CW\*(C`use integer;\*(C'\fR has the
effect that before computing the results of the arithmetic operators
(+, \-, *, /, %, +=, \-=, *=, /=, %=, and unary minus), the comparison
operators (<, <=, >, >=, ==, !=, <=>), and the bitwise operators (|, &,
^, <<, >>, |=, &=, ^=, <<=, >>=), the operands have their fractional
portions truncated (or floored), and the result will have its
fractional portion truncated as well. In addition, the range of
operands and results is restricted to that of familiar two's complement
integers, i.e., \-(2**31) .. (2**31\-1) on 32\-bit architectures, and
\&\-(2**63) .. (2**63\-1) on 64\-bit architectures. For example, this code
.PP
.Vb 7
\& use integer;
\& $x = 5.8;
\& $y = 2.5;
\& $z = 2.7;
\& $a = 2**31 - 1; # Largest positive integer on 32-bit machines
\& $, = ", ";
\& print $x, -$x, $x + $y, $x - $y, $x / $y, $x * $y, $y == $z, $a, $a + 1;
.Ve
.PP
will print: 5.8, \-5, 7, 3, 2, 10, 1, 2147483647, \-2147483648
.PP
Note that \f(CW$x\fR is still printed as having its true non-integer value of
5.8 since it wasn't operated on. And note too the wrap-around from the
largest positive integer to the largest negative one. Also, arguments
passed to functions and the values returned by them are \fBnot\fR affected
by \f(CW\*(C`use integer;\*(C'\fR. E.g.,
.PP
.Vb 3
\& srand(1.5);
\& $, = ", ";
\& print sin(.5), cos(.5), atan2(1,2), sqrt(2), rand(10);
.Ve
.PP
will give the same result with or without \f(CW\*(C`use integer;\*(C'\fR The power
operator \f(CW\*(C`**\*(C'\fR is also not affected, so that 2 ** .5 is always the
square root of 2. Now, it so happens that the pre\- and post\- increment
and decrement operators, ++ and \-\-, are not affected by \f(CW\*(C`use integer;\*(C'\fR
either. Some may rightly consider this to be a bug \*(-- but at least it's
a long-standing one.
.PP
Finally, \f(CW\*(C`use integer;\*(C'\fR also has an additional affect on the bitwise
operators. Normally, the operands and results are treated as
\&\fBunsigned\fR integers, but with \f(CW\*(C`use integer;\*(C'\fR the operands and results
are \fBsigned\fR. This means, among other things, that ~0 is \-1, and \-2 &
\&\-5 is \-6.
.PP
Internally, native integer arithmetic (as provided by your C compiler)
is used. This means that Perl's own semantics for arithmetic
operations may not be preserved. One common source of trouble is the
modulus of negative numbers, which Perl does one way, but your hardware
may do another.
.PP
.Vb 4
\& % perl -le 'print (4 % -3)'
\& -2
\& % perl -Minteger -le 'print (4 % -3)'
\& 1
.Ve
.PP
See \*(L"Pragmatic Modules\*(R" in perlmodlib, \*(L"Integer Arithmetic\*(R" in perlop
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